Tips to simplify designs
Let’s be clear. Like anyone who works with molded plastic assemblies and molded plastic parts that fit onto metal parts, we love snap fits. No fasteners, no assembly time to speak of, reliable coupling and even reliable decoupling, if it’s needed. So what exactly is a snap fit? Well it’s not ONE thing, it’s a mindset in design that exploits the durable elasticity of many polymers to make assembly easy by clicking parts together.
Snap fits are among the most widely used assembly methods for plastic products, and essentially they involve 4D moldings. That sounds clever, but the 4th dimension is time, implying that parts are designed to flex and recover, so the molded shape is not the only functional shape.
Snaps offer a super efficient, cost-effective, and durable solution for attaching plastic components to virtually anything, without the need for fasteners, adhesives or welds. Used everywhere in consumer electronics, automotive parts, packaging, and household items, snap fits exploit flexure-recovery in plastic parts to create secure joints that can be easily assembled and either permanent or easily disassembled, as the application demands.
This blog will provide a thorough illustration and explanation of all of the common snap fits in plastic products and their crossovers and variants. We will address design considerations, material selection, advantages, limitations, and a range of real-world applications that aim to equip you to run with this concept in a fast-success approach in developing and manufacturing your products.
What are Snap Fits?
A snap fit is a mechanical assembly feature that enables two or more components to be joined together by interlocking features. One or both of these must be made of a material that can accept the displacement of the snap engagement without undergoing plastic distortion or fracture. While snaps are entirely possible in metal assemblies, our interest here is with snaps in plastic moldings.
The snap is achieved when one component has an engaging feature, such as a hook or rib(s), that displaces during assembly and then recovers to snap into place with a corresponding recess or hole in the component it attaches to. Snap fits rely on the elastic deformation of the material of at least one part during assembly and the subsequent and rapid elastic recovery of the displaced feature, once the components are interlocked.
Snap fits are particularly effective for plastic products due to the inherent elasticity of most polymers, resilience of these materials and the relative ease in making precise and fine features repeatable and fully formed.
Snaps offer an ideal solution for low-cost, fast assembly while providing surprising robustness in a wide range of applications.
Key features of Snap Fits:
- Depending on the design requirements, snap fits can be designed to be disassembled (reversible) or permanent (irreversible). Reversible designs allow for limited or repeated assembly and disassembly, while irreversible designs are meant to provide a one-time snap that cannot be easily undone. Irreversible snaps can typically offer firmer engagement because they do not have to release.
- Snap fits reduce or eliminate fasteners, adhesives, and welding, simplifying assembly and BOMs/sourcing.
- Once snapped into place, the components remain securely joined due to the mechanical interlock, maintaining high contact pressure if required. This can include the compression of a seal between the two sampled parts, fir greater environmental protection.
- Snap fits can be designed to accommodate diverse load conditions and fitment methods, providing adaptability for a huge range of applications.
Sean B.
Mechanical Engineer
"I've recommended it to all my colleagues in manufacturing."
Jiga is the best way to get the parts you need, when you need them.
Types of Snap Fits
There are various types of snap fits and snap-adjacent fits, each with specific functional properties and advantages tailored to suit a very wide spectrum of applications.
Cantilever Snap Fits
Cantilever snaps are the most common type in plastic products. They consist of a protruding beam (the cantilever) or beans that deflect when force is applied, allowing engagement with a corresponding recess on the mating part. Typically these types present a chamfered entry on one or both mating parts to encourage and initiate the required displacement, and an orthogonal engagement that clicks into place and latches. Once the beam’s latch tip is aligned with the notch, it snaps back into its as-molded position, locking the two components together with a hook-and-ledge engagement.
Cantilever snap fits generally interlock with faces that are perpendicular to the line of engagement between parts. This makes the hook feature self-latch and resist burst-force that pulls the two engaged components apart. It is also possible for snap to use an over 90° latch to create a type of over-center action that greatly enhances the burst force required to overcome the snap. This is common in clothing/webbing snaps as illustrated below.
The cantilever beam’s aspect ratio and length and the hook depth and engagement angle can all be adjusted to control the stiffness, section thickness and amount of force/deflection needed for assembly or burst.
Cantilever snap fits are common in plastic housings and enclosures, where two mated parts are typically permanently engaged. They’re widely used in bag straps and clothing. Where serviceability or repeat cycle coupling/decoupling is required and the snap must be able to reopen without damage, open push-recesses or finger grips can give access to displace the cantilever. In some cases, special tools are required to effect the disengagement.
1. The pipe connections are barbed, so the ‘flexible’ element in this near-snap is the pipe which self swages (contracts) between the barbs to lock-on/seal and
2. The metal spade terminals are a harsh push-fit into the assembled housing, with barb features present in the tail of the spades to cut into the plastic for strong retention as the connections are liable to be pulled hard to remove cables.
Annular Snap Fits
Annular snap fits are full peripheral snap features that are commonly used on relatively soft materials used as lids or covers attached to more rigid vessels/containers and are commonly used for cylindrical components. The approach also works well for ob-round engagement lines, but cannot accommodate sharp corners.
These fits work by means of a full peripheral projection on the more rigid part that engages with a hooked groove in the softer part to snap into. Engage/disengage result from considerable local distortion to hook/unhook which then travels around the engagement libe like a zip. Softer can be the result of designed flexibility with both parts in similar materials, but it often reflects a significant rigidity differential in the two components materials.
Annular snap fits rely on localized deformation perpendicular to the direction of engagement, with the flexible material flexing markedly to engage with the corresponding and more rigid hook feature.
An alternative interpretation of an annular snap fit uses multiple cantilever features to create the flexibility, rather than a more elastic material. This approach is used in connector assemblies and pipe fillings to allow circular snapping without using soft materials.
Torsion Snap Fits
Somehow the definition of torsional snap fits has diverged into two distinct forms that are essentially unrelated; Some guides suggest that a torsional snap fit is a cantilever snap fit that engages due to a rotational motion, similar to a bayonet fit but with a sprung latching action at the end of the motion. This is a snap fit that is engaged by torsion.
We are calling it. This isn’t a torsional snap, it’s a pinch lever variant of a cantilever snap!
We propose that a torsional snap fit is a form of bayonet engagement. This is a widely used quick release approach that is used for regularly removed inspection covers and access panels – though the torsional aspect is a stretch to define as a separate class of snap.
Ball and Socket Snap
A snap fitted ball and socket is a common movable jointing mechanism that exploits a hybrid of a cantilever and annular snap in a very useful format. The socket is relieved by slots that allow sections of the cup to deflect outwards as the ball snaps in. In reality, this is tooled to extract from the mold in exactly the same way – a process that is often referred to as bumping, or bumping off.
The U-Shaped Snap
This is a device that is very extensively used for small inspection hatches and battery enclosure covers. It offers a snap closure for these elements that is well understood by consumers, easy to operate and very robust in the face of poor user handling, pop-open under burst forces etc.
It benefits from a long spring that allows a very deep engagement between the two elements, so the door can be strongly retained but still easy and intuitive to open.
Javier L
Principal Systems R&D Mechanical Engineer
"Game changing in the online manufacturing space"
Jiga is the best way to get the parts you need, when you need them.
Design considerations for Snap Fits
Designing effective snap fits for plastic products requires careful consideration of material characteristics, loading conditions, potential abuse conditions and varied geometric constraints that are derived from the type of snap and the parts to be attached.
Material selection
The choice of material is critical for the performance of snap fits, as it directly impacts flexibility, strength, and durability. Plastic materials commonly used for snap fits include:
- Polypropylene (PP) offers excellent flexibility and flexural resilience, making it ideal for repeated snap-fit assemblies that need to resist abrasion and fatigue.
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) provides good strength and rigidity, making it suitable for applications that require both mechanical durability and aesthetic appeal. It is also quite wear resistant, where repeated cycles of snap/removal are needed.
- Polycarbonate (PC) is known for high impact/wear resistance and clarity, and it is often used in snap-fit applications for components requiring transparency and toughness.
- Nylon (Polyamide) is commonly used for high-strength components and can accommodate high-load snap fits that must withstand elevated temperatures, higher forces or aggressive chemical environments.
When selecting a material, a balance is required between elastic modulus, tensile strength, and fatigue resistance. These must be fully evaluated to ensure the snap fit will function reliably over its specified lifespan.
Deflection and strain
Snap fits rely on the elastic deformation of the element that displaces to engage with the receiver. It is fundamentally important to design the snap such that it does not exceed the material’s elastic capability during assembly. Overstressed snap-parts may result in permanent deformation or fracture.
The deflection of the snapping feature during assembly must be carefully limited to ensure that the material/feature remains well within its elastic range. Care with the snap features behavior during assembly will help to avoid fatigue over repeated use, where such is relevant.
Engagement and disengagement forces
The force required to engage a snap fit is a critical design consideration to make assembly easy enough and where possible to avoid the use of special assembly tools. The force to disengage is especially critical for applications where the snap fit needs to be reversible. A balance must be struck between holding power to keep the components securely joined against bursting forces, while ensuring that the assembly is easy to perform and the pair can be easily disengaged, when needed.
Tolerances and tooling complexity
Tight tolerances are unavoidable for ensuring the effective alignment and engagement of snaps. Molding tolerances, part warpage, and shrinkage must all be considered in design. This can become challenging in smaller snaps in electronics enclosures and other small devices.
As a rule, if it can be modeled and prototyped, it can be tooled and molded, but take care not to make unnecessary precision choices that drive up tooling and manufacture costs.
It is a fact of snap fit design that it can require undercuts that mean an otherwise easily tooled part requires complex slides. Consider piece-formed undercuts that retain the simplicity of line-of-draw features as much as possible
Stress distribution
A key challenge in snap fit design is ensuring that stress is evenly distributed across the snap feature. Concentrated stress in one area can lead to premature failure. Filet wherever possible, optimizing the shape of snap features, and ensuring smooth transitions between sections can help mitigate stress concentrations.
Shrinkage, stress reduction and cosmetics
It is very common for snap features to be attached to the side walls of a part, and for those walls to be cosmetic on their outside faces. Every feature makes a variation in wall thickness, so it is a good habit to always consider what will the cosmetic shrinkage effects of a snap feature look like and how can they be minimized.
To be stiff enough and tough enough, snaps must be robust. But robust can easily mean thick sections, which is liable to be ugly. However, snap features that are made from combs rather than continuous sections deliver all of the stiffness control with none of the cosmetic risk.
Patrick J
Product Design
"Game changing in the online manufacturing space"
Jiga is the best way to get the parts you need, when you need them.
Advantages of Snap Fits
Snap fits offer some overwhelming advantages that make them a strongly preferred choice for assembling plastic products where the stress levels are relatively low and bursting forces of modest scale.
Cost efficiency
Eliminating the need for screws, welding, or adhesives, enables snap fits to significantly reduce the complexity of BOMS, the cost of materials/sourcing and the assembly labor. In high-volume production, this can result in substantial net savings.
Ease of assembly
Snap fits allow for rapid and precise, tool-free assembly, optimal for mass production and ease of production line setup. Typically, snap-fits can be assembled by hand, without any specialized equipment.
Serviceability
Reversible snap fits can be designed for limited or even extensive reuse, making them ideal for products that require some degree of disassembly/service. This is highly relevant to battery compartments, control covers/access panels, consumer storage vessels, etc. Avoiding the consumer/user requiring tools to complete basic and regular actions is a key benefit.
Aesthetics
With no visible external fasteners, snaps can contribute to a clean aesthetic in exterior appearance. This is particularly relevant to consumer goods and electronics.
Versatility
Snap fits can be designed to suit a huge range of applications and materials, whether the product needs a temporary or permanent assembly. The extreme adaptability and customizable nature of snap fits can be tailored to meet the specific requirements of any product.
Limitations of Snaps
While snap fits offer numerous benefits, they are not without their limitations:
Material limitations
Not all plastics are amenable to serve as snap fits. Brittle materials or materials with poor fatigue resistance may perform poorly, although there are many design choices that can improve this. The material must have sufficient flexibility and durability to withstand repeated deformation, or the design must minimize the localized stresses and extend the sprung elements to distribute strain over a more appropriate distance.
Stress concentrations
Snap fits can create stress concentrations that guarantee failure. This is especially true for thin or complex features, increasing the risk of cracking or permanent deformation if overstressed. These are design-solved issues that are well understood and can be eliminated.
Assembly force variability
The force required to assemble or disassemble snap fits can vary depending on material variability, temperature changes, or part warping. This can lead to inconsistent assembly performance, particularly in large-scale production. High quality molding, good process control, effective design/testing and low variability in material sourcing can alleviate these issues.
Load capacity
Snap fits rarely provide sufficient strength for heavy-duty applications or environments where the assembly is subjected to significant forces or impacts. In many such cases, additional or alternative fastening methods are required to assure part and joint integrity.
Applications of Snap Fits in plastic products
Snap fits are typically found in the overwhelming majority of high volume products where plastic parts join to each other or to metal parts.
Consumer electronics/toys
Snap fits are everywhere in the assembly of smartphones, tablets, laptops, consumer audio and larger and small electronics. They provide a clean, tool-free assembly method that enhances the aesthetics of products while reducing costs.
Automotive
Snap fits are commonly used for assembling interior panels, clips, and trim pieces. They reduce assembly time/cost and BOM complexity while providing a secure retention of components that may need to be periodically removed, such as dashboards or door panels.
Packaging
Snap fits are used in various types of packaging, from snap-on lids for food containers to tamper-evident closures for bottles. This type of interconnect is essentially universal in well designed plastic packaging/containers etc.
Medical devices
Snap fits are commonly employed in medical devices, particularly for single-use applications like syringes or inhalers. They enable quick, sterile assembly while maintaining the required precision and reliability and reducing contamination traps in product exteriors.
Conclusion
Snap fits have created a design revolution in the way plastic components are interconnected, offering a cost-effective, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing solution for a wide range of industries. By grasping the snap-fit mindset and deeply understanding the snap fit options, design considerations, material properties, and application requirements, product designers can simply and reliably reduce the assembly process of their products.
As the use of plastic continues to grow across all industries and product classifications, snap fits will remain an essential tool for streamlining production and improving product performance.
